The Federal Reserve Bank of New York today released The Homeownership Gap, the latest article in its series Current Issues in Economics and Finance.
The collapse of the housing boom and the sharp rise in unemployment have caused the U.S. homeownership rate to fall from a high of 69 percent to 67.2 percent—essentially a reversion to the rate’s 2000 level. In this new study, authors Andrew Haughwout, Richard Peach and Joseph Tracy raise the question: “how large will the decline in the homeownership rate ultimately prove to be?”
To address this question, the authors propose the concept of a “homeownership gap” as a gauge of the downward pressure on the homeownership rate. They define the homeownership gap as the difference between the official homeownership rate tabulated by the Census Bureau and an “effective” rate that excludes owners who are in a negative equity position—that is, owners whose outstanding mortgage balance exceeds the value of their house.
According to Haughwout, Peach and Tracy, negative equity homeowners will face such daunting saving requirements to retain their home or purchase a new home that they will very likely convert to renters over time. Thus, the effective rate may serve as a useful guide to the future path of the official rate.
For the nation, the effective rate of homeownership calculated by the authors is 5.6 percentage points below the official homeownership rate. For certain metropolitan areas hit hard by the boom and bust in the housing market—Las Vegas, Miami and Phoenix—the effective rate falls short of the official rate by a dramatic 20 to 39 percentage points.
In an appendix to their article, Haughwout, Peach and Tracy consider the extent to which public policy initiatives such as mortgage modification can help to reduce foreclosures and to enable negative equity homeowners to save for a new house. The authors conclude that the effectiveness of mortgage modification programs will vary with their structure: programs that reduce the principal balance on the mortgage will be appreciably more effective in supporting homeownership than those that simply lower the interest rate and extend the term of the loan.
Andrew Haughwout is a vice president in the Microeconomic and Regional Studies function and Richard W. Peach a senior vice president in the Macroeconomic and Monetary Studies function of the Research and Statistics group; Joseph S. Tracy is an executive vice president in the chief of staff’s office at the Federal Reserve Bank of New York.
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